Being hit with a soccer ball has been linked to changes in brain function even without a concussion

Football is the most popular sport in the world, attracting millions of fans and players of all ages. However, despite its widespread popularity, scientists are increasingly drawing attention to possible hidden risks associated with the game, especially from heading the ball. A new study by a team of scientists from the University of Sydney has shown for the first time that even short-term kicks with a football can cause changes in the structure and function of the brain.

A team of Australian scientists used cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques and biomarkers to assess the impact of headers. The study involved 15 adult male football players who performed 20 headers over 20 minutes, each at the same speed, using a machine. Importantly, all headers were performed under strictly controlled conditions, eliminating the influence of external factors.

Before and after the series of punches, the participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood tests. During the study, scientists assessed changes in the brain structure, its chemical composition and the electrical conductivity of white matter. In addition, the participants were asked to complete a control task to compare the effect of the direction of the punch - with a foot or at a ball.

MRI scans revealed subtle but statistically significant changes in the brain, including decreased levels of certain chemicals involved in signal transmission and motor control, as well as decreased electrical conductivity in several areas of the brain. These changes suggest that even short-term ball-striking can affect the brain’s use of energy.

Additionally, elevated levels of two proteins, GFAP and NFL, which are considered biomarkers of brain damage and potential risk of developing dementia in the future, were found in the blood samples. Although these changes were small and were not accompanied by any cognitive impairment, the scientists emphasize that such microscopic damage can accumulate with repeated impacts and have long-term consequences.

Before this study, it was thought that only hard hits or concussions could cause problems. However, new data shows that even without symptoms and without obvious signs of injury, the impact of a ball to the head can cause microscopic changes in the brain. This is especially true for young players who often train and play with hundreds of headers per season.

Experts say elevated levels of biomarkers indicate microscopic damage to brain cells, which could have long-term implications. In particular, there is growing concern about a link between regular head impacts and the development of dementia, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases in former professional footballers.

Today, some countries, such as the United States and Great Britain, have already introduced restrictions on the use of this element of the game among young players in order to reduce the risk of injury.

Experts stress the need for further research to understand how microscopic damage accumulates over time and how it may impact players' long-term health.

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